Properties of water (pH and buffers); chemistry of amino acids and proteins including non-covalent interactions; carbohydrates, nucleotides and nucleic acids; lipids and membranes; enzyme mechanisms and kinetics; control of enzyme activity; bioenergetics and oxidative metabolism; and chemistry of photosynthesis.
Minimum grade of C- in (BIOL 1111, BIOL 1911, 'Y' in BIO3, or 'Y' in BIOW), (BIOL 1112, BIOL 1912, BIOL 2112, BIOL 2912, 'Y' in BIO4, or 'Y' in BIOW), (CHEM 2202 or CHEM 2922), and (MATH 1041, MATH 1941, MATH 1038, MATH 1042 (may be taken concurrently), MATH 1044 (may be taken concurrently), MATH 1942 (may be taken concurrently), MATH 1951 (may be taken concurrently), any MATH course numbered 2043 to 3080 (may be taken concurrently), 'Y' in MA06, or 'Y' in MATW)